c. 650
Energy
Persia
Windmill
Vertical-axis mills in Persia grind grain and pump water.
Why it mattered
A second inexhaustible power source alongside water.
Middle Ages
650
2 recorded milestones at this point in the record.
c. 650
Warfare
Byzantium
Greek fire
A pressurised incendiary weapon defended Constantinople at sea.
Why it mattered
A closely guarded state technology.
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Nearby in the record
c. 600Society
Chinese imperial examinations
China
c. 610Transportation
Grand Canal of China
China
628Science
Rules for zero and negative numbers
India
c. 700Communication
Woodblock printing
China
c. 700Exploration
Polynesian wayfinding to Hawaii and Rapa Nui
Oceania
c. 700Transportation
Horseshoe and the nailed iron shoe
Europe